Police think the suspect may have left the country using a fake passport. I think I might have left the air conditioning on. We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened. The door was locked and nothing was broken. Who told the newspapers about the prime minister's plans? It must have been someone close to him. We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened. This page focuses on making deductions about the past. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility. We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the available information. Modals – deduction (past): Grammar test 1 How did she fail that exam? She can't have studied very much. We don't know for sure that Alex broke the coffee table.

For more information, go to at these examples to see how must, might, may, could, can't and couldn't are used in the past.Īn earthquake? That must have been terrifying! Oz Show,' and Mike Roizen, M.D., is Chief Medical Officer at the Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute. You need a yearly DRE, along with your yearly physical, even if you and your doc agree that you don't need a PSA test for now. This rubber-glove exam of your prostate gland can catch the 25 percent of problems that a PSA test alone misses. That's a benefit worth hanging on to and the reason both of us get regular PSA tests.īonus tip: No matter what, get an annual DRE (digital rectal exam). Today, the tests and subsequent treatments (including those most-important lifestyle upgrades) save 9,000 lives a year. Before PSA tests came out, 80 percent of prostate cancer was discovered after it had spread, a lethal situation. Waiting for prostate-cancer symptoms before getting a PSA test is not a good idea by then, you may have a later-stage, hard-to-treat cancer. Testing should continue until around age 65. Others can retest every five years, if their PSA level is a super-low 0.65 nanograms to 1 nanogram. Get an all-clear reading? At forward-thinking cancer centers, guys can get a retest every two years if their PSA level is low - higher than 1 nanogram (we kid you not!) but below 3 nanograms. Also, get more physical activity and manage stress. You'll want to ramp up your anti-cancer lifestyle: Improve your diet (eat less, or no, red meat no processed meats or cheese and feast on lots of broccoli, walnuts and blueberries). This means watching your PSA numbers, getting regular prostate exams and biopsies and changing your lifestyle may be all that's called for medically. And consider seeing another doctor for a second opinion as well.Įven if the positive reading is correct and you do have prostate cancer, most of the 217,000 men who are diagnosed with the disease each year have the indolent, slow-growing type that will never kill them. Everything from an infection to a roll in the hay can temporarily boost your PSA level. Next, find out what your doc recommends for repeat screenings: If you have a positive result, you will want a second test just one high number may be a false positive and usually isn't reason enough to get a biopsy. If your insurance company no longer pays for it, bite the bullet and get a baseline reading it may be important for future comparisons. If you are African-American or have a close male relative who has had prostate cancer (especially if he was younger than 50), start testing at age 45 you're at a 60 percent higher risk. So what do we recommend? When you're 50 years old, talk to your doc about getting the PSA test. Right now, it's the best early-warning system we have for a cancer that kills 28,000 men in North America every year.

If you and your doctor work together, the PSA test can be a big benefit to you.

We might not say it quite that emphatically, but mostly, we agree. And plenty of guys with positive PSAs get biopsies and treatments - such as surgery, chemo and radiation - they may not need.īut, according to the AUA, 'Until there is a better, widespread test for this potentially devastating disease, the USPSTF - by disparaging the test - is doing a great disservice to the men worldwide who may benefit from the PSA test.' This blood test measures an enzyme produced by your prostate gland rising levels might mean cancer, an infection or nothing at all. Who's right? Both sides have valid points: PSA tests are far from perfect. 'Get one it could save your life,' counter many doctors and the American Urological Association. Preventive Services Task Force recently concluded. 'Skip it - PSA tests do more harm than good,' an advisory panel from the U.S. If you're a guy pondering whether you need a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test, the new flap about prostate-cancer screening could leave you with mental whiplash.

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